Enrique Mallen, Ph.D.
Prof Dr Enrique Mallen earned his doctorate at Cornell University in 1989. Since 1997 he is Director and General Editor of the Online Picasso Project (OPP), a digital catalogue raisonné on the artist Pablo Picasso used by Picasso scholars throughout the world. He is currently Professor at Sam Houston State University. He has also taught as Adjunct Professor at Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf from 2013 to 2016. He has published numerous journal articles on theoretical linguistics, semiotics and art history. He has been an invited contributor to many edited volumes and encyclopedias. He has written extensively on Picasso’s Cubist and Surrealist periods, as well as on Picasso’s writings.
In 2009-2010, he edited the four volume set A Concordance of Pablo Picasso’s Spanish Writings and A Concordance of Pablo Picasso’s French Writings, for which he received the Adele Mellen Prize for Distinguished Contribution to Scholarship. His work has been referenced in many doctoral dissertations, books and articles. Other important publications by him include: Pablo Picasso: The Interaction Between Collectors and Exhibitions, 1899–1939; La Muerte y la Máscara en Pablo Picasso; Poesía del Lenguaje: De T. S. Eliot a Eduardo Espina; La Sintaxis de la Carne: Pablo Picasso y Marie-Thérèse Walter; The Visual Grammar of Pablo Picasso; and Con/figuración Sintáctica: Poesía del Des/lenguaje. He has delivered lectures at many international conferences organized by recognized universities and museums such as The Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg; or the Kunsthaus Zürich. He is a regular collaborator with the Museu Picasso, Barcelona; the Museo Picasso, Málaga, the Fundación Picasso Casa Natal, Málaga and the Casa Museo Picasso, A Coruña; and has served as consultant on Picasso exhibitions at prestigious museums, such as the Kunsthalle Bremen; or, most recently, The Museum of Modern Art, New York
He was Director of the Sam Houston State University Study Abroad Program in Spain from 2008 to 2017. Prior to that, he directed the Study Abroad in Spain at Texas A&M University.
He served as Director of Undergraduate Studies at the University of Florida from 1990 to 1995; and as Director of Graduate Studies at Texas A&M University from 1997 to 2000.
Current research interests
- Picasso Studies
- Cognitive Studies (Art and Psychology)
- Semiotics of Art
- Linguistics
Recent and Forthcoming Books
- Pablo Picasso: A Period of Discovery (1900-1906). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2023. 420 pp.
- Pablo Picasso: A Period of Transformation (1906–1916). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 2023. 420 pp.
- Pablo Picasso and Dora Maar: A Period of Conflict (1936–1946). Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2021. pp. 364
- Pablo Picasso: The Aphrodite Period (1924–1936). Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2020. 327 pp.
- Eduardo Espina: Poesía del Deslenguaje. Madrid: Amargord Ediciones. 2019. 402 pp.
- Pablo Picasso: The Interaction Between Collectors and Exhibitions, 1899–1939. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2018. 350 pp.
- Pablo Picasso: A Critical Chronology. São Paulo: Lumme Editor. 2017. 2 vols. 940 pp
Recent and Forthcoming Chapters
- "Magic and the Menace of Death in Pablo Picasso." Rites, Rituals & Religions: Amerindian, Spanish, Latin American & Latino Worlds. pp. 33-69. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2023.
- "Pablo Picasso's Poetry and the Limits of Language." Proceedings of the 5th International Conference On Evolving Trends In Interdisciplinary Research & Practices. pp. 1-6. Ed. by Enrique Mallen. New York: Liberty Publications. 2021.
- "Early Cinema, Transgression and Heterogeneity in Picasso's Cubism." Mucho más que cine: historia, literatura y arte en el cine en español y en portugués.. pp. 947-960. Ed. by María Marcos Ramos. Madrid: Editorial Dykinson, S.L. 2021.
- "What’s Cooking With Picasso: Conjuring Up Food in the First Year of Occupation". Food & Drink in Hispanic Worlds. pp. 198-211. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2021.
- "The Devouring Eye (I) of Pablo Picasso". Food & Drink in Hispanic Worlds. pp. 212-234. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2021.
- "Conflict and Confrontation in Pablo Picasso’s Still Lifes". Proceedings of the 2nd Interdisciplinary and Virtual Conference on Arts in Education (CIVAE). pp. 365-368. Ed. by Vv.Aa. Madrid: MusicoGuia. 2020.
- "Death as Impetus for Art for Pablo Picasso" (reprint). Death & Dying in Hispanic Worlds. pp. 114-136. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2020.
- "The Liminal Syntax and Semantics of Picasso’s Poetry". Death & Dying in Hispanic Worlds. pp. 137-189. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2020.
- "Conflation of Artistic Practices and Verbal Features in Pablo Picasso." Interface-Driven Phenomena in Spanish: Essays in Honor of Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Chapter 5. pp. 111-130. Ed. by Sandro Sessarego & Melvin González Rivera. New York: Routledge. 2020.
- "Representation of the Absent Object: Pictorial Mysticism in El Greco and Pablo Picasso." Crossroads: Time & Space/Tradition & Modernity in Hispanic Worlds. pp. 71-86. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2019.
- "Pablo Picasso’s Semantically Complex Visual Poetry." With Luis Meneses. Crossroads: Time & Space/Tradition & Modernity in Hispanic Worlds. pp. 127-161. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2019.
- "Creation vs. Infertility in Picasso’s Failed Marital Relationship." Family, Friends and Foes: Human Dynamics in Hispanic Worlds. pp. 4-29. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2018.
- "Writing as Verbal and Graphic Signs in Pablo Picasso." Investigación en la Enseñanza de la Escritura / Research on Writing Teaching (IEE). pp. 181-188. Ed. by Rosario Arroyo González, Mariano G. Fernández Almenara, Christina Holgado-Sáez, Teresa Lara Moreno. Madrid: Editorial Octaedro. 2018.
- "La Poesía Multilineal de Pablo Picasso." Lenguaje, Poesía y Sentido. Currents in Comparative Romance Languages and Literatures (Volume 251). pp. 31-54. Ed. by Melvin Gonzalez Rivera, Yarelmi Iglesias Vázquez, Javier Gutierrez-Rexach. New York: Peter Lang. 2018.
- "Con/figuración Sintáctica y Niveles de Significación en Pablo Picasso y Eduardo Espina." Lenguaje, Poesía y Sentido. Currents in Comparative Romance Languages and Literatures (Volume 251). pp. 5-22. Ed. by Melvin Gonzalez Rivera, Yarelmi Iglesias Vázquez, Javier Gutierrez-Rexach. Peter Lang. 2018.
- "Conflation of (Gender) Identities in the Multifaceted Pablo Picasso." S/He: Sex & Gender in Hispanic Cultures. pp. 222-245. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2017.
- "Confrontation with the Other in Pablo Picasso’s Suite Vollard." Insult to Injury: Violence In Spanish, Hispanic American & Latino Art & Literature. pp. 4-21. Ed. by Debra D. Andrist. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 2017.
Recent Articles
- Pablo Picasso One Hundred Years Ago." Art & Museum Magazine. Autumn Issue. pp. 20-23. 2022.
- "Pablo Picasso and the Art of Self-Defense." Art & Museum Magazine. Spring Issue. pp. 46-47. 2022.
- "The Embodiment of Artistic Objects in Pablo Picasso's Cubism." Arts 11, no. 1:32. [pp. 1-54]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/arts11010032. 2022.
- "The Impact of Cézanne in Early Cubism." International Journal of Culture and History. Vol. 9, No. 1. pp. 41-59. DOI: https://doi.org /10.5296/ijch.v9i1.19195. Macrothink Institute. 2022.
- "Teaching Spanish Culture Online: Strategies and Solutions for Active Learning." Journal of Universality of Global Education Issues. Vol. 8 No. 1. pp. 1-28. 2021.
- "The Collage Verre and Its Surrealist Connection" Art & Museum Magazine. Summer Issue. pp. 56-57. 2021.
- "Pablo Picasso: A Window Onto the Trauma of War". Art & Museum Magazine. Winter Issue. pp. 56-57. 2020.
- "Picasso: Early Reactions to the Spanish Civil War." Art & Museum Magazine. Autumn Issue. pp. 46-47. 2020.
- "La Trilogía Deslenguaje de Eduardo Espina." Revista Simpson 7. No. 4. pp. 87-91. Santiago de Chile: Crann Editores. 2020.
- "Con/figuración neobarroca y Poesía del lenguaje." Revista Simpson 7. No. 4. pp. 103-109. Santiago de Chile: Crann Editores. 2020.
- "La poesía de Pablo Picasso: Un Lenguaje al Borde de lo Indecible." Otro Lunes: Revista Hispanoamericana de Cultura 55. Año 14. 2020.
- "Adjoined Conceptual Domains in the Bilingual Poetry of Pablo Picasso." With Luis Meneses. Digital Studies / Le champ numérique. 9(1): 20, pp. 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.320. Ottawa: University of Ottawa. 2019.
- "Dora Maar: Prelude to a Formidable Encounter" Part 2. Art & Museum Magazine. Winter Issue. pp. 40-44. 2019.
- "Dora Maar: Prelude to a Formidable Encounter" Part 1. Art & Museum Magazine. Autumn Issue. pp. 10-13. 2019.
- "Visual Text: Encoding Challenges in Picasso’s Poetry." With Luis Meneses. Journal of Fine Arts. pp. 31-37. Volume 2, Issue 2. 2019.
- "El artista que abre la mente". Interview by Eduardo Espina. El Observador. 1 de junio, 2019.
- "The Online Picasso Project." Art & Museum Magazine. Spring Issue. pp. 30-32. 2019 [Reprinted in Spring Issue 2020].
- "Semantic Domains in Picasso's Poetry." With Luis Meneses. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqy078. Oxford: Oxford University. 2018.
- "Parataxis and Interface Rules in Pablo Picasso’s Poetry." Interdisciplinary Journal for Germanic Linguistics & Semiotic Analysis. 23.1. pp. 73-111. Spring. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 2018.
- "A Computational Approach to Picasso’s Conceptual World Through His Writings." Revista Académica liLETRAd. 4. pp. 247-258. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla. 2018.
- "Reconstructing Picasso: Strokes of Genius." National Geographic. 05. pp. 120-122. 2018.
- "Object Lessons: Frames of Mind." National Geographic. 05. pp. 123-125. 2018.
- "Reaching for Success: Picasso’s Rise in the Market (The First Two Decades)." Arts (Pablo Picasso Studies). 6.4. pp. 1-20. 2017
- "Exploring Correlations Between Picasso Artworks and his Personal Contacts." With Luis Meneses. Arts & Communication. Volume 1 Issue 1. pp. 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36922/ac.1004. 2023.
- "The Picassos in the 1901 Vollard Exhibition and their History." Arts. No. 12, 78. pp. 1-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/arts12020078. MDPI. 2023.
- "'Picasso: Recent Work' — A One-Hundred-Year Anniversary." Art & Museum Magazine. Spring Issue. pp. 24-26. 2023.
- "Second Stage of Visual Perception and Picasso's Cézannian Cubism." International Journal of Culture and History. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 87-105. DOI: https://doi.org /10.5296/ijch.v10i1.20779. Macrothink Institute. 2023.
- "Exploring Correlations Between Picasso Artworks and his Personal Contacts." With Luis Meneses. Arts & Communication. Volume 1 Issue 1. pp. 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36922/ac.1004. 2023.
- "The Picassos in the 1901 Vollard Exhibition and their History." Arts. No. 12, 78. pp. 1-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/arts12020078. MDPI. 2023.
- "'Picasso: Recent Work' — A One-Hundred-Year Anniversary." Art & Museum Magazine. Spring Issue. pp. 24-26. 2023.
- "Second Stage of Visual Perception and Picasso's Cézannian Cubism." International Journal of Culture and History. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 87-105. DOI: https://doi.org /10.5296/ijch.v10i1.20779. Macrothink Institute. 2023.
Recent Conferences
- "Categorizations of Multiple-perspective Biographical Narratives." With Luis Meneses. "Reading Minds: Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks and the Reading Human." Society for Literature, Science, and the Arts (SLSA). Purdue University. Virtual. October, 2022.
- "The Online Picasso Project: 25 Years Implementing Digital Learning on Spanish Art and Culture." Digital Education Summit 22. Sam Houston State University. Virtual. September, 2022.
- "Pablo Picasso: Juggling with 'Languages'." SHSU Teaching & Learning Conference 2022. Sam Houston State University. August, 2022.
- "Exploring the Correlations Between Picasso's Artworks and his Personal Contacts." With Luis Meneses. Digital Humanities 2022. Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO), Toshi Center Hotel, Tokyo (Japan). Virtual. July, 2022.
- "El Online Picasso Project como Plataforma de Investigación". Arte y Patrimonio. Facultad de Bellas Artes. Universidad de Sevilla (Spain). June, 2022.
- "Lessons from Picasso's Multidisciplinary Approach." 6th International Conference On Evolving Trends In Interdisciplinary Research & Practices. New York City. Virtual. April, 2022.
- "Les demoiselles d'Avignon: Ushering In Picasso’s 'Exorcist' Phase." 64th Annual Western Social Science Association. Denver. March, 2022.
- "Picasso's Bilingual Poetry as a Gate to Multiculturalism." 9th Universality of Global Education Conference. Sam Houston State University. Virtual. March, 2022.
- "The Online Picasso Project: Visual Cultures and the Internet." (Keynote). 5th International Conference On Evolving Trends In Interdisciplinary Research & Practices. New York City. October, 2021.
- "Pablo Picasso's Poetry and the Limits of Language." 5th International Conference On Evolving Trends In Interdisciplinary Research & Practices. New York City. October, 2021.
- "The Epistemology of the Online Picasso Project (OPP) Digital Platform." Digital Education Summit 21. Sam Houston State University. Virtual. September, 2021.
- "The Language-Centered Poetics of Pablo Picasso." International Conference on Poetry Studies: “Poetry Between Creation and Interpretation." London Centre for Interdisciplinary Research (UK). Virtual. September, 2021.
- "Pablo Picasso and Spanish Art." CHSS Diversity and Inclusion. Sam Houston State University. Virtual. September, 2021.
- "Early Cinema, Transgression and Heterogeneity in Picasso's Cubism." VI Congreso Internacional de Historia, Arte y Literatura en el Cine en Español y en Portugués (CIHALCEP). Universidad de Salamanca (Spain). Virtual. June, 2021.
- "Indexicality in the Digital Repository of the Online Picasso Project (OPP)." Critical Digital Art History: Interface and Data Politics in Exhibitions, Museums, and Collections. The Association For Art History, London, (UK). Virtual. April, 2021.
- "The Devouring Eye (I) of Pablo Picasso." 63rd Annual Conference of the Western Social Science Association. Virtual. April, 2021.
- "Teaching Spanish Culture Online: Strategies and Solutions for Active Learning." 8th Universality of Global Education Conference. Sam Houston State University. March, 2021.
- "Pablo Picasso's Poetry: A Transgressive View of Language." XXVII Congreso Internacional de Literatura y Estudios Hispánicos (CILH). Lockhaven University. Virtual. March, 2021.
- "Marginalization, Structural Certainty and Resilience in Pablo Picasso." Cultural Constructions. University of Texas at Arlington. Virtual. March, 2021.
- "The Crucial Role of Diversity in Pablo Picasso's African Period." 17th Annual Diversity Leadership Conference. Sam Houston State University. Virtual. February, 2021.
- "Decay As An Aesthetic Impasse For New Creation In Pablo Picasso." The Aesthetics of Decay: Creative Modes of Destruction. London Centre for Interdisciplinary Research (UK). Virtual. February, 2021.
- "Conflict and Confrontation in Pablo Picasso’s Still Lifes." 2º Congreso Internacional Virtual de Artes en la Educación (CIVAE). Universidad de Valladolid (Spain). Virtual. October, 2020.
- "In Picasso's Shoes: Promoting SEL Through the Online Picasso Project Platform." Digital Education Summit 20. Sam Houston State University. Virtual. September, 2020.
- "Achieving Productive Online Learning Through Project-Oriented, Self-Reflective Activities." SHSU Teaching & Learning Conference 2020. Sam Houston State University. Virtual. August, 2020.
- "Using Computer Vision to Identify Graphic Elements in Picasso’s Poetry." With Luis Meneses. Digital Humanities 2020.. University of Ottawa and Carleton University (Canada). July, 2020.
- "Artistic Reciprocities: Dora/Pablo – Frida/Diego." With Debra D. Andrist. 62nd Annual Conference of the Western Social Science Association. Portland. April, 2020.
- "Deconstructing Pedagogic Strategies." First Global Web Conference for University Professors and Researchers. Scholas. April, 2020.
- "Approaching the Internet’s Language Diversity Problem." 16th Annual Diversity Leadership Conference. Sam Houston State University. February, 2020.
- "Bridging the Language Divide: Enriching Students' CommUNITY Experience on the Internet." Universality of Global Education Conference. Sam Houston State University. February, 2020.
- "Hispanic Culture in a Collaborative Learner-Centric Digital Environment." Digital Education Summit 19. Sam Houston State University. September, 2019.
- "Exploring the Correlations between the Graphic Elements in Picasso's Poetry." With Luis Meneses and José Calvo Tello. The Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH) Pittsburgh Marriott City Center, Pittsburgh. July, 2019.
- "A Thematic Classification of Picasso's Poetry Based on Conceptual Categorization." With Luis Meneses. Société Canadienne des Humanités Numériques / Canadian Society for Digital Humanities Conference (CSDH). University of British Columbia (Canada). June, 2019.
- "Critical Thinking Skills and Intercultural Competence." Language Learning and Teaching Workshops Series. Sam Houston State University. April, 2019.
- "The Picasso Project: A New Paradigm for Teaching the Humanities." 72nd Annual Convention of the Texas Community College Teachers Association, Humanities session. Westin Galleria and Westin Oaks Houston at the Galleria, Houston. March, 2019.
- "Language Loss and the Ethnic Identity of Minorities." With Ryan Dux and Maria Hasler-Barker. 15th Annual Diversity Leadership Conference. Sam Houston State University. February, 2019.
- "Artistic Identity at Crossroads of All Sorts." With Debra D. Andrist. South Central Modern Language Association, San Antonio, October, 2018.
- "Encoding the Graphic Elements in Picasso's Poetry." With Luis Meneses. 18th Annual Conference and Members Meeting of the Text Encoding Initiative Consortium (TEI). University of Tokyo, Tokyo (Japan). September, 2018.
- "Effective Course Design & Its Impact on Improving Student Motivation." With Jennifer Didier and Nibert Saltibus. SHSU Teaching & Learning Conference 2018. Sam Houston State University. August, 2018.
- "Distinctions between Conceptual Domains in the Bilingual Poetry of Pablo Picasso." With Luis Meneses. Digital Humanities 2018. Mexico City (Mexico). June, 2018.
- "Picasso, el Teatro y la Danza: Pintura en Movimiento." Centro de Documentación de las Artes Escénicas de Andalucía, Sevilla (Spain). June, 2018.
- "Adjoined Conceptual Domains in the Bilingual Poetry of Pablo Picasso." With Luis Meneses. Société Canadienne des Humanités Numériques / Canadian Society for Digital Humanities Conference (CSDH). University of Regina (Canada), May, 2018.
- "Representation of the Absent Object: Pictorial Mysticism in El Greco and Pablo Picasso." With Debra D. Andrist. 60th Annual Conference of the Western Social Science Association, San Antonio. April, 2018.
- "The Picasso Project: From Digital Resource To Online Instruction Tool." Digital Education Summit 18. Sam Houston State University. January, 2018.
- "Visual Text: Encoding Challenges in Picasso’s Poetry." With Luis Meneses. 17th Annual Conference and Members Meeting of the Text Encoding Initiative Consortium (TEI). University of Victoria, B.C. (Canada). November, 2017
- "Semantic Domains in Picasso’s Poetry." With Luis Meneses. Digital Humanities 2017. McGill University and l'Université de Montréal (Canada). August, 2017.
- "A Computational Approach to Picasso’s Conceptual World Through His Writings." With Luis Meneses. Congreso de Lengua, Literatura y Traducción “liLETRAd”. Universidad de Sevilla (Spain). July, 2017.
- "Pablo Picasso: Tendiendo Puentes entre Múltiples Lenguas." Congreso de Lengua, Literatura y Traducción “liLETRAd”. Universidad de Sevilla (Spain). July, 2017.
- "Pablo Picasso's Gernika: The Massacre of the Innocents." Facultad de Letras. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real (Spain). June, 2017.
- "The Bombing of Gernika: April 26, 1937." College of Humanities & Social Sciences. Sam Houston State University. April, 2017.
- "Identity Projection and the Feminine Other in Pablo Picasso." 59th Annual Conference of the Western Social Science Association, San Francisco. April, 2017.
- "El uso de la Escritura en la Pintura de Picasso." Investigación en la Enseñanza de la Escritura / Research on Writing Teaching (IEE). Universidad de Granada (Spain). March, 2017.
- "Language Development Issues, Intercultural Competence and Critical Thinking." International Conference on Social Psychology and Humanity Studies (CSPHS 2023). Eliwise Academy, Oxford (UK). Virtual. April, 2023.
- "The Online Picasso Project, Digital Media and the Public Sphere." 25th Southeast Conference for Languages, Literatures, and Film (SCFLLF). Western Carolina University, Asheville, NC. March, 2023.
- "Negotiating Loss: The Case of Pablo Picasso’s Immigration." 19th Annual Diversity Leadership Conference. Sam Houston State University. February, 2023.
- "Picasso's Liminal Minotaur: Beyond the Binary." Southern Humanities Conference, “Myths and Mythmaking.” San Antonio, TX. January, 2023.
- "The Online Picasso Project: Multilingual and Multidisciplinary Digital Humanities." International Conference of Interdisciplinary Humanities and Communication Studies (ICIHCS 2022). Eliwise Academy, Stanford, CA. Virtual. December, 2022.
- "Language Development Issues, Intercultural Competence and Critical Thinking." International Conference on Social Psychology and Humanity Studies (CSPHS 2023). Eliwise Academy, Oxford (UK). Virtual. April, 2023.
- "The Online Picasso Project, Digital Media and the Public Sphere." 25th Southeast Conference for Languages, Literatures, and Film (SCFLLF). Western Carolina University, Asheville, NC. March, 2023.
- "Negotiating Loss: The Case of Pablo Picasso’s Immigration." 19th Annual Diversity Leadership Conference. Sam Houston State University. February, 2023.
- "Picasso's Liminal Minotaur: Beyond the Binary." Southern Humanities Conference, “Myths and Mythmaking.” San Antonio, TX. January, 2023.
- "The Online Picasso Project: Multilingual and Multidisciplinary Digital Humanities." International Conference of Interdisciplinary Humanities and Communication Studies (ICIHCS 2022). Eliwise Academy, Stanford, CA. Virtual. December, 2022.
List of courses regularly taught at SHSU
SPAN 3367 Principles Of Spanish Linguistics
SPAN 3380 Spanish Culture and Civilization
SPAN 4365 Pablo Picasso and Spanish Art
SPAN 4362 History of the Spanish Language
SPAN 4366 Spanish Phonetics
SPAN 5374 Studies in Spanish Linguistics
SPAN 5370 History of Spanish Language
SPAN 5361 The Structure of Spanish
SPAN 5331 Seminar in Comparative Spanish Art-Culture